The phylogenetic relationships of 60 accessions representing ten species of the genus Hordeum were investigated based on AFLP markers and seed storage protein SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. A total of 339 AFLP polymorphic markers were scored as a result of fingerprinting the studied taxa using seven AFLP primer combinations, whereas forty six polymorphic protein bands resulted from the water soluble and water non-soluble seed storage protein electrophoresis. The phylogenetic tree deduced from AFLP analysis is concordant in a large extent with that deduced from seed storage protein electrophoresis. The studied taxa were clustered according to their genome type into two main groups representing the Old and New World’s species. Inside each group the species were clustered according to their genome type. Highly significant cophenetic correlation coefficient was obtained between both AFLP (0.96) and seed storage protein (0.89) indicating the reliability of the results.

In this study, the effect of water stress on the germination percentage of the seeds of 9 pieces of species which are used for landscaping works in Kastamonu is investigated. The seeds of these species have been subject to germination trials with water stress level between 0 and -8 Bar and the germination percentages of the seeds have been identified. The water stress has been constituted with the use of polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) solution and germinations have been carried out at 25 °C with the period of 35 days. Depending on the water stress as a result of these studies, it has been stated that the percentages of all species have decreased as from -2 Bar water stress; there is no germinations in -6 Bar water stress for the tree of heaven, and in -8 Bar water stress for Cupressus arizonica and Sophora japonica. It has also been stated that the species which are most durable to water stress are Pinus nigra, Cupressus sempervirens and Pinus brutia.

A Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) facilitates construction of multiple paths due to connectivity issues between nodes. The nodes generally have high rate of mobility, this results in their movement away from their transmission range. Determination of the communication path in such a scenario becomes difficult. Many diversified protocols are available to find the path for communication between nodes. Even after the determination of communication path, a path found to communicate, may break before the transmission begins or during the transmission. This means that a permanent path between any source and destination does not exist. Uninterrupted connectivity is a minimum requirement for many applications and is a challenge with MANET. Hence finding a reliable route itself is still under research in MANET environment. In this paper an algorithm named “TIME ACCOUNT BASED AODV (TABA)” is proposed to improve path construction and retention using AODV protocol.

Class cohesion is considered as one of the most important software quality assessment. Unfortunately, most of cohesion metrics that have been developed do not consider the different intersections among class elements in measuring class cohesion. This paper introduces a novel class cohesion metric which considers the different cohesion intersections. The proposed cohesion metric is tested on more than 35K classes from 16 open-source projects. Experimental results show that the proposed cohesion metric achieves a higher discrimination power along with a vast difference compared with other competitive and well known cohesion metrics. Therefore, it is highly recommended to use the proposed metric for evaluating the software design quality.

Biological control of Fusarium salani (Mart) Sacc. and Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid causing wilt and charcoal rot diseases of Sesame (Sesamum indicum Linn) was studied in vitro as well as under pot conditions. Culture technique showed that the addition of intact Nostoc sp SAG2306 or its sonicate inhibited the radial mycelial growth of the test pathogens. Application of Nostoc sonicates resulted in the lowest infection percentage (11.11 % and 17.78 % of Fusarium and Macrophomina respectively) whereas in the control it was 95.55%. Under pot conditions, plant height, fresh and dry weight of plants was found to increase significantly as a result of the inhibition of fungal by Nostoc. Similar results were observed in chlorophyll (ch.la&ch;.lb) content of the treated plants. Infection enhanced proline accumulation that was lowered upon Nostoc addition; indicating alleviation of infection ascribed stress.

In this paper we study to improve security for AODV (Adhoc on demand distance vector routing) protocol in Mobile adhoc networks (MANET).In particular, we propose a secure framework for routing in MANET. First we analyze the vulnerabilities of AODV routing protocol against black hole attacks. Second we propose a mechanism called cross layer Honeypot AODV Captcha protocol, which is a trap to detect black hole attacks. Cross layer features are used to enhance the security of our proposed framework. Our technique not only detects black hole nodes but also isolates the malicious nodes. Simulation results shows that our proposed protocol achieved considerable improvements over AODV protocol. Additionally the packet drop ratio and overhead is greatly reduced.

In the Iranian culture and context, family members prefer to provide care to the elderly in family, therefore determining the importance of family\'s caring behaviors related to the elderly in Iranian families is necessitate. \nAim: The purpose of this qualitative study was to describe and explore the experiences of Iranian family members providing care to elderly people at their own homes. \nMethod: Semi-structured interviews were held with 11 family members providing care to elderly at their own homes chosen using purposeful sampling. Thematic analysis was conducted for data analysis.\nResults: Following the analysis of data three major themes of individual skills, sacrifice and forbearing were extracted as the desired outcomes of aged caring in the family.\nConclusion: Aged care outcomes in the family follow the perception of family members from aged care phenomenon as well as their value and faith related fundamentals. Conduction of qualitative research with phenomenological approach is recommended to discover the perception of families from aged care meaning in the family by nurses.

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a multicarrier modulation scheme used in high speed communication systems. OFDM system is being extensively used in several broadband communication systems like Wireless local area network (WLAN), Worldwide interoperability for Microwave access (Wi-Max), Digital video broadcasting (DVB) and Digital audio broadcasting (DAB). However, the limiting factor remains the occurrence of high Peaks in OFDM signals, when transmitted through power amplifier causes in-band and out-of-band distortion and increase in Bit error rate (BER). The most popular quantification metric of envelope variation of OFDM signal is the Peak-To- Average Power Ratio (PAPR). The reduction in PAPR is desirable in order to obtain power efficiency of the amplifier. This paper proposes an efficient Adjacent Phase Sequence Matrix (APSM) method that is based on special matrices (Circulant, Riemann, Hilbert and Hadamard) for optimizing PAPR of OFDM signals. The proposed technique does not require the transmission of side information to the receiver for original phase recovery. Further, the proposed technique reduces computational and phase search complexity. The proposed scheme has been analyzed with random data, image and audio input to validate multimedia requirements. The results show that the proposed scheme offers better PAPR reduction and BER performance.

The higher education institutions, which are more and more characterized by a stronger competition, must learn to apply scientific management and marketing principles, in order to enhance their competitiveness. Students, on the one hand, and employers, on the other hand, have increasing expectations in terms of learning outcomes. This paper aims to present the main findings of a pilot-study, conducted to assess the willingness of employers to engage in a long term relationship with the universities in order to express their views on the competencies provided to graduates by the study programs in business and economics. Additionally, this pilot-study seeks to adjust the methodology of a more complex research that universities in the field of business and economics must conduct to identify the employers’ needs and expectations on the issues that define the learning outcomes.

As 3D image reconstruction is one of the most attractive avenues in digital image processing techniques, especially due to its application in biomedical imaging a lot of research is going on internationally. The main advantage is that the results could contribute much to the evolving venture of robotic surgery. Yet in various medical imaging modalities like CT, PET and MRI, tumor part is recognized as high intense area, so proper enhancement and segmentation techniques are needed to satisfy the precision factor. Since tumors have a large diversity in shape and appearance with intensities overlapping the normal brain tissues, it becomes a real challenge to precisely extract tumor portion and to classify them into cancerous or non-cancerous. This paper gives a brief survey of different works on tumor segmentation, classification, 3D projection and reconstruction for volumetric analysis.

The performances of the marketing communication with consumers depend on the appropriate selection of “traditional” (press, radio, television, outdoor) and/or direct media (mail, telephony, mobile telephony, and the internet), capable to draw the attention of the consumer, generate his/her interest, stimulate the desire for, and determine the buying of the promoted products, services, and brands. In the process of selecting these media, several privacy-related aspects should also be taken into consideration. The paper explores some of these aspects – preferences for searching or receiving information, preferences for receiving marketing messages in terms of the media employed as sources of information, attitudes towards disclosing, capturing, processing and employment of the personal data, assessment of the aggressiveness of the media employed in the direct communication, and the attitudes toward buying products and/or services after being directly approached – and presents the results obtained at the level of a sample including Romanian consumers.

The process of segmenting the object present in the foreground of an image from the background is a challenging task. An improved methodology using the concept of Gaussian filtration, Gabor filtration, DB Scan Clustering, Region Growing reads the given input image and performs filtering, smoothing and edge detection operation and finally separates the object from the background of the image.. The proposed method is tested on standard images taken from Caltech datasets; Corel Photo CD\'s and Weizmann horse datasets show considerably better results.

Arylamine N-acetyltransferase1 (NAT1) is a phase II enzyme that acetylates a wide range of arylamine, hydrazine substrates and catalyze the detoxification of arylamines by N-acetylation. Polymorphic NAT1 status varies widely between individuals and ethnic groups. The gene is polymorphic with most mutations identified that characterize human population into fast acetylators and slow acetylators. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency distribution of acetylator phenotypes of the Pakistani population by NAT1 and compare it between male and female healthy volunteers. The polymorphic acetylation of sulfamethoxazole has been investigated in male (n=52) and female (n=60) volunteers of Pakistani population. Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) was administered orally in capsule form as 500 mg to each healthy male and female volunteer. Drug and its acetyl metabolite concentrations were determined by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The acetylation of sulfamethoxazole by arylamine N-acetyltransferase1 (NAT1) showed bimodal population frequency distribution. Comparison of male and female parameters was carried out by using Chi square test and level of significance was assumed to be 5%. Almost 67% of the male volunteers were found to be fast and 33% to be slow acetylators while female volunteers were 68% fast and 32% slow acetylators.

DNA Microarray technology allows us to generate thousands of gene expression in a single chip. Analyzing gene expression data plays vital role in understanding diseases and discovering medicines. Classification of cancer based on gene expression data is a promising research area in the field of Bioinformatics and Data Mining. All genes do not contribute for efficient classification of samples. Hence a robust feature selection method is required to identify the relevant genes which help in the classification of samples effectively. Most of the existing feature selection methods are computationally expensive. Redundancy in gene expression data leads to poor classification accuracy and also acts bad on Multi-class classification. This paper proposes an ensemble feature selection technique which is a combination of Recursive Feature Elimination and Based Bayes Error Filter for gene selection and Support Vector Machine algorithm for classification. The proposed ensemble gene selection method yields comparable performance on classification when compared to existing classifiers and provides a new insight in feature selection.

This paper presents a comparative study of Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) implementation of standard multipliers using Verilog HDL. Multiplier is a good candidate for digital signal processing (DSP) applications such as finite impulse response (FIR) and discrete cosine transforms (DCT) etc. Significant reduction in FPGA resources, delay, and power can be achieved using Reduced Wallace multipliers with Kogge-stone adder instead of standard parallel multipliers

The ITS region of the ribosomal RNA genes from two and six-rowed cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare subsp. distichon and Hordeum vulagare subsp. hexastichon, respectively) and its two and six-rowed wild relatives (Hordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneum and Hordeum vulgare subsp. agriocrithon, respectively) was isolated and sequenced. The entire ITS region is 598 base in the two-rowed taxa (H. v. subsp. distichon and H. v. subsp. spontaneum) and 599 bp in the six-rowed ones (agriochriton and hexastichon). The ITS 1 is 217 bp in H. v. subsp. agriochriton and H. v. subsp. hexastichon and 218 bp in H. v. subsp. distichon and H. v. subsp. spontaneum. The 5.8S region is 163 bp in all studied H. vulgare taxa. The ITS 2 region is 217 bp in the two-rowed barley; H. v. subsp. distichon, H. v. susp. spontaneum, and 219 bp in the six rowed ones; H. v. subsp. hexastichon and H. v. subsp. agriochriton. The ITS sequence data of the studied taxa and that of three other wild species (H. murinum, H. marinum and H. chilense) were aligned and a phylogeny tree was reconstructed using the Lasergene Program. H. v. subsp. spontaneaum was appeared as the ancestor of all other Hordeum vulgare taxa.

In this paper we discuss the reconstruction of a different economic model of growth and development. Almost any of the concepts of development, justice and sustainability discussed are not found in the traditional model of allocation and distribution. The trinomial human development, economic justice, and sustainable development is undoubtedly something like this: it combines elements of ethics with the ones of capabilities and targets development and / or ecological constraints. Our conclusion is that an analytical conceptual construction of sustainable development can only be multidimensional and obviously, a multi-criteria one; so that a concept of sustainable development is simultaneously normative and analytical, in other words, multidimensional and / or a multi-criteria one. Rethinking an umbrella concept of sustainable development is undoubtedly problematic, but not impossible.

BACKGROUND: One of the most common causes of back deformities is spinal curve change in thewaist. Physical therapy is one of the most common methods for treatment of lordosise and back pain. In the field of corrective exercise, the comparison of William and Mackenzie training findings are small and inconsistent. OBJECTIVE: So, the purpose of this study was to compare the effects of 8 weeks William and Mackenzie corrective training on lumbar isometric strength in 15-18 year females with hyperlordosis. METHODS: The study sample included 30 females with lumbar lordosis more than normal degrees (Hyperlordotic) in lumbar curve that randomly divided into William and MacKenzie exercise groups. The lumbar lordosis was measured using a flexible ruler and isometric strength of trunk muscles were measured by using digital dynamometer and compared before and post-test using independent and paired t-testes. RESULTS: Results showed that both types of exercise led to significant increase in lumbar extensors, hip extensors and flexors strength and abdominal strength more than 30%. In addition, there was no significant difference between the two types of exercises. CONCLUSIONS: The findings show that William and McKenzie corrective training can lead to significant improvement in lumbar lordosis and isometric strength; although there is no difference between these two types of exercise.

Mobile adhoc networks are self-organizing, self-configurable network without fixed infrastructure. Because of dynamic routing, Mobile adhoc networks are susceptible to different types of vulnerabilities. One of the well-known vulnerability is black hole attacks. Black hole attack is a type of denial of service attack which sends fake reply and drops packets between source and destination node. When one or more malicious nodes collude, the attack is called co-operative or collaborative black hole attack. In this paper, we present and evaluate dynamic algorithm to detect and isolate black hole attacks from MANET. Our proposed solution is able to provide secure routing against black hole attacks dynamically. We have evaluated the performance of our module along number of paramenters.The simulation results shows that the proposed solution works efficiently than normal AODV

Image Retrieval is a field of study concerned with searching and retrieving images from a collection of database. The Content based image retrieval is better than the annotation based approaches. However the results of content based image retrieval systems are not satisfactory due to the lack of user participation. Many times it is difficult to describe the images explicitly. The user participation in image retrieval system gains attention in the recent research in order to reduce the impact of completely depending on discrimination power of image features. In this proposed work, interactive genetic algorithm is employed where user selects one of the retrieved images for the next stage of mutation. Moreover, krawtchouk moment employed in this work, which is orthogonal and rotation invariant are effective image descriptors. Experiments were carried out on subset of the COREL image database and the retrieval rate reveals the efficacy of the proposed work.

The abundant content of the World-Wide Web is helpful to millions of people in many ways. Many information seekers employ search engines to obtain a list of web pages relevant to the keyword query submitted by the user. Search engines return results mainly based on the submitted query. However, the same query could be in divergent contexts because individual users have divergent interests. Therefore, while providing the query for relevant information retrieval, it is necessary to consider the continuous growth of internet. In addition the challenges in getting precise, accurate and personalised results for the given user query must be addressed. With these considerations, we propose a re-ranking algorithm in this paper for ranking of web search documents using personalized user information and semantic smoothing model. \nIn this proposed model, we are not only consider the popularity of the web page, but also include other parameters such as the number of times visited, the time spent on the web page, and the semantic smoothing value. From the experiments conducted in this research work, it has been observed that the proposed approach provides more relevant information to the user. In addition, it provides better performance in terms of precision since it provides average precision rate of 0.95 which is higher when it is compared to the other search engines.

The study is included in Marketing domain. It is placed on Marketing branch which was autonomous as specialty: „Green Marketing”. The research starts from question regarding to crisis effects on green marketing activities. \nUsing as methods observation and meta-analysis, it is trying to clarify behavior modifications in Austerity Periods: the impact of financial crisis on green marketing intercessions.\nPrimary ascertaining is that „green concept” became a moral value and social behavior. People (suppliers, buyers, customers, stakeholders etc.) have sensibility for „green” concept. They are on the way of favorable attitude consolidation beside green: from sensitizing is passed through awareness and responsibility. The second ascertaining is that even existence of “green” concept costs, however from the release of global crisis which decrease the standard of living, people did not inhibited the behavior for “green” concept. The principal tool of consent conservation beside “green” concept was constituted by green marketing management.\nConclusion is that, in actually austerity period, green marketing kept on ascending trend the attachment for “green” concept.

Abstract: This paper aims to present the perception of primary school teachers in Shiraz city (Iran) regarding Total Quality Management (TQM) in education. It is an attempt to understand how these perceptions vary by demographic variable such as, gender & subject specialization (Arts and Sciences). Data were collected from 156 primery school teachers in Shiraz city (Iran) on the Bonstingle‟s conceptualization of Deming‟s 14 points Total Quality Management (TQM) in Education (2011) and were analyzed using SPSS version 18.0. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was employed to find out the significance of difference between variables subscales. Significant difference was found between male and female teachers in the perception of total quality management. Female teachers had higher mean score than male teachers. There is no significant difference between Arts and Sciences primary school teachers in the perception of TQM in education.

Background: The portal vein is a unique venous system which consists of a double system of capillaries and therefore very important for normal metabolism. Portal hypertension results from either anatomical or functional obstruction to blood flow in this vessel and this may affect the vessel calibre. The various commonly used diagnostic methods have advantages as well as disadvantages.\nAim: The aim of this work was to evaluate the contribution of portal vein diameter in the diagnosis of portal hypertension.\nMethod: The portal vein diameter of 46 patients clinically confirmed to have portal hypertension due to liver cirrhosis were assessed using 2D ultrasound. Their results were compared against an age and sex-matched control group.\nResult: The mean portal vein diameter in the patients with portal hypertension was 15.21mm ± 2.03mm. This differed significantly (p ≤ 0.05) from the findings in the control group which was 11.65mm ± 1.36mm\nConclusion: Ultrasound has proved to be a good diagnostic tool in the determination of portal hypertension and can be found handy in low resource areas where other more definitive assessment tools may be unavailable.

With the increasing use of digital images in diverse areas such as military, medical, entertainment, advertising, education etc., it has become more important to secure them from crucial leakages. Many image encryption algorithms are designed mainly for gray scale images by manipulating pixels rather than bits. In this paper, we propose a loss-less image cipher based on diffusion-confusion architecture using discrete chaotic maps. This cipher is especially designed for the colored images, which are represented as 3D components of red, green and blue channels. The initial conditions and system parameters of the chaotic Henon map, Tent map and Arnold Cat maps together constitute the secret keys of the algorithms. The first two rounds of diffusion namely horizontal and vertical diffusions are performed by changing the properties of horizontally and vertically adjacent pixels. In the third round, confusion is accomplished by generating a key stream image using 3D representation of Arnold cat map. The security and performance analysis of the proposed scheme has been analyzed using various statistical analysis, key sensitivity analysis, differential analysis key space analysis, speed analysis etc. The results of various analyses are encouraging and show that the proposed scheme is suitable for the real- time secure multimedia communication applications.

Summary\nSixty patients undergoing treatment at the State Institute of Hematology Arthur Siqueira Cavalcanti of Rio de Janeiro (HEMORIO) were studied. Patients with Acute Mieloide Leukemia (AML) and Acute Lymphoid Leukemia (ALL). Initially, thirty patients were part of the study. However, five of these patients died during the process. The twenty-five patients that continued in the program took two daily tablets of 500 mg each of a concentration of sea minerals of organic origin. These patients’ conditions developed quite well, with the pH of the saliva from 7.0 to 7.5, with no relevant oral complications. Six patients had light mucositis, easily controlled by the usual methods (according to the HEMORIO treatment protocol of mucositis caused by chemotherapy) and three neutropenic patients evolved without the presence of infection. \nTherefore, was observed that the food supplement concentration of sea minerals of organic origin has proven to be a viable support in the control of the oral mucositis generated by chemotherapy in patients with AML and ALL, keeping the pH of the saliva of these patients alkaline and the oral microbiota unchanged.\nThis way, the advent of opportunist microorganisms and oral lesionsare prevented. \nThe other thirty patients of the control group who did not take the food supplement developed the acid pH of the saliva (pH 6.0 and 6.5) and mucositis. \nConsidering the results presented above, this study suggest this food supplement should be incorporated in the treatment of all the patients undergoing chemotherapy.\nKey words: pH, oral lesions, sea minerals, saliva, mucositis, chemotherapy and leukemia.

Drought is the main environmental factor which limits crop productivity. The major cereals maize, rice and wheat exhibited a variety of proneness to water shortage. To develop drought tolerant varieties, different molecular and genetic approaches are being used but these approaches are time consuming and germplasm dependent. Many transcription factors are involved in stress responses. DREB1A transcription factor identifies the dehydration responsive elements and performs an essential role in stimulating the expression of drought tolerance enhancing genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. In our efforts to develop drought tolerance in a local high yielding wheat cultivar “Punjab-11”, AtDREB1A gene was cloned under rd29A promoter and transformed into wheat through Agrobacterium mediated method. Plants expressing DREB1A gene revealed significant resistance to drought stress in contrast with wild type plants in field under drought conditions. Seed germination results showed that transgenic seeds were able to germinate on 200 mM mannitol while control seeds were unable to germinate. Various physiological tests revealed higher drought stress tolerance in transgenic plants than their wild type counterparts. Transgenic plants exhibited higher plant height, more number of tillers per plant, more flag leaf area and more grain yield than control plants in field under drought condition. The current study showed that transgenic wheat cultivar “Punjab-11” performed better in field under drought stress conditions and increased the grain yield.

The structure of the international system in history has undergone various\ntransformations and in every part of the system of special schools seeking\nspiritual support and mental support certain international games shape. In the\nlast century of conflict between the three schools of Communism, Fascism and\nNazism, liberalism in order to gain strength and improve their scientific and\nmilitary ideas arose. Fascism and Nazism in World War II, the school was out\nof the competition to remain competitive in the global thoughts and\naspirations of its Cold War may be over. However, the competition in the\nearly 1990s with the collapse of Soviet communism ended school leader. In\nthe early decades of the 90th century international relations, space and thought\nhis performance was the only school in the United States-led liberal capitalist\nperspective. But if the United States expects that ample space and a great\nlocation for further development and modernization of its principles and rules\nconsidered not\nAnd the guidance and control of international games and level at such an\nenemy is not possible without knowing

We selected three dominant tree species distributed in a tropical lowland coastal rain forest region. The morphological and growth properties for their seedlings under different relative irradiances were explored by the pot experiments. The objective was to compare their adaptability mode and degree of shade tolerance. The results showed the optimum light intensity for relative growth rate (RGR) of the three species was 100% for Bischofia javanica, 50% for Heritiera parvifolia and 30% for Vatica mangachapoi, respectively, indicating the shade tolerance was B. javanica < H. parvifolia < V. mangachapoi. RGR under each light level was positively correlated with unit leaf ratio (ULR), root mass ratio (RMR) and leaf number (LN), and negatively correlated with leaf mass ratio (LMR). B. javanica had the highest stem mass ratio (SMR) and RMR, with more investment in non-photosynthetic tissues. However, V. mangachapoi had the highest LMR and leaf area ratio (LAR), with more investment in photosynthetic tissues, which was due to its lowest specific leaf area (SLA). H. parvifolia was intermediate between them in biomass allocation. The order of phenotypic plasticity for the three species was B. javanica > H. parvifolia > V. mangachapoi, which was contrary to the order of shade tolerance. Our results suggest that when light intensity decreased gradually (as the case in a secondary succession), the dominance of the communities in the tropical lowland rain forest region should be changed from B. javanica through H. parvifolia and finally to V. mangachapoi.