The wireless nature and inherent features of mobile ad hoc networks make them vulnerable to a wide variety of attacks. In an internal attack, the attacker gains the normal access to the network and takes part in the network activities, either by some malicious impersonation to get the access to the network as a new node, or by directly compromising a current node and using it as a basis to conduct its malicious behaviors. In this paper, we developed an autonomous trust evaluation based cluster head misbehaviour detection and isolation in mobile ad hoc networks where the entire network is divided into hierarchical group of clusters, each cluster having a fully trusted Cluster Head (CH). As, CH, being an independent node that has mobility and autonomy behaviour, has the possibility that it may be vulnerable to DoS attacks. Hence, the assumption of CH being trusted cannot be considered. Therefore, ensuring the security of CH is essential which can be done by evaluating the trustworthiness of each CH. The trustworthiness of each CH is determined by its Group Leader (GL). In order to determine the cluster head and the group leader that are free from malicious attack, an autonomous trust evaluation is done for each CH to detect and isolate the misbehaving cluster head.

The growing demand for High Performance computing drastically increases the energy consumption. Effective utilization of cluster computing resources is done by Power-aware Agent based scheduling in Cluster computing Environment. The challenge for green IT organizations is to maximize resource utilization and minimize power utilization while maintaining acceptable average response time for users. It avoids slow run of systems and balances the load in the cluster by allocating jobs based on the profiling results predicted by Agent. Agent is a scheduler which schedules the jobs dynamically based on node heuristics. This paper proposes an agent based intelligent scheduler to perform job allocation by analyzing input jobs as well as available cluster parameters in order to minimize the schedule length. This paper uses the Resource profiling and Online Job profiling results to perform Agent based job allocation onto the resources of cluster.

Podophyllotoxins (PDT) are well-known naturally occurring aryltetralin lignans that are widely used in the clinical setting. Although many PDT biosynthesis studies have been published, a great deal of fascinating biochemical mechanisms regarding the temperature effect on PDT accumulation is still not fully understood. In this work, we demonstrated that low temperatures enhanced the seedling biomass; significant differences of Dirigent protein oxidase (DPO) gene expression and PDT accumulation existed in different organs (leaf, stem and root); DPO gene expression in leaf was significant higher than stem and root, while PDT content markedly accumulated in root. The DPO gene expression and PDT accumulation under cold stress were higher than that of control (25 oC); the DPO gene expression increased continuously at 10 oC from 2 and 14 days, while it reached maximum (5.01-fold) at 4 oC on 10 days; the PDT accumulation increased continuously at 4 and 10 oC, and the PDT accumulation at 4 oC was higher than that of 10 oC. The analysis of the linear regression indicated that the correlation between PDT accumulation and DPO gene expression reached significantly positive level (r = 0.831, P＜0.01) at 10 oC.

Croatia is underperforming with regard to the use of solar energy both for electricity production and heating, and is generally strikingly in delay with regard to the use of renewable energy sources which it has in abundance (sun, wind, biogas, etc.). The author analyses possible reasons for maintaining of status quo in the industry despite awareness of the necessity to rely on the RES and proposes the model for achieving an indispensable and fast implementation of solar energy use in Croatia. Key roles are those of citizens, the state, national electric utility which is to transform into service provider and local authorities which have the means to implement solar energy use on their territories as they have inherent autonomy to regulate the situation on site, particularly through their municipal utilities companies which may provide other RES as well to produce the energy locally. Such companies would thus add electricity production to their activities and could provide installation and maintenance services for solar systems within their territorial competence.

A study was conducted in four districts of Bangladesh, namely Faridpur sadar, Kolaroa (Satkhira), Shibaloya (Manikganj) and Natore sadar to assess arsenic (As) status in groundwater, agricultural soils, rice straw and rice grain. One hundred samples each of soil, irrigation water and plant parts (root, straw, husk and grain) were collected from the four areas for As determination. Results showed that the minimum mean of As in the soils (4 ± 0.17 ppm) and water (2 ± 1 ppb) was found in Natore Sadar, while the maximum in the soil (35 ± 16.03 ppm) and water (462 ± 28 ppb) was in Kolaroa (Satkhira). Murarikati, Keralkata, Jallabad, Jugikhali and Helatala of Kolaroa showed high As in the soils and groundwater. Similarly, high soil and water As were found in Aliabad, Kaijuri and Majchar (Faridpur) areas. The high As containing areas may be considered as arsenic hot spots. Arsenic content in the deep tube well water was also high in the Kolaroa area. In the hot spot areas, the level of As in rice straw and rice grain was significantly higher than those of the normal soil areas. It implies that increase in the level of soil and water As would result in the increase of As content in rice straw and rice grain. However, As content in the rice grain was below the permissible level for consumption. The accumulation of As followed the order of root > straw > husk > grain.

This study was conducted to evaluate the safety of early laparoscopic cholecystectomy for treatment of acute cholecystitis. The aim of this study was to compare the laparoscopic treatment of patients with acute cholecystitis to those with chronic cholecystitis with particular attention to the operative time and postoperative hospital stay. This is the randomized case control analytic study of two groups of patients with diagnosed cholecystitis who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. From 2010 to 2012, a total of 62 patients, who are included in this study, were admitted at our clinic on an emergency basis with the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis. The study group is divided into two subgroups. The subgroup 1 consist of 36 patients who were operated within 72 hours from the onset of symptoms, and the subgroup 2 is consists of 26 patients operated from 4th to 7th day. The control group represents 62 patients with same epidemiological characteristics and age differences ± 7 years with chronic cholecystitis. In our study, the mean operative time of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in study group was 78,07 minutes in difference from 61,29 minutes in control group. For Pearson Chi-square: 48,1436, df=42, p>0,05 there is no statistically significant difference in operative time between study and control group. In the subgroup 1 of the study group, average postoperative hospital stay was 1,68 days, whereas in the subgroup 2 it was 4,17. The analysis have shown statistical significance between these two subgroups according to Pearson Chi-square: 14,2336, df=1, p≤0,01, CI 99%. There is no statistical significance in operative time between patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute versus chronic cholecystitis. There is no statistical significance between postoperative hospital stay in patients operated within 3 days after onset of symptoms of acute cholecystitis and control group.

This paper presents a mathematical model for rectangular beams subjected to a concentrated load localized at any point on beam with symmetrical parabolic haunches to obtain the fixed-end moments, carry-over factors and stiffness factors. The properties of the rectangular cross section of beam vary along its axis “x”, i.e., the width “b” is constant and the height “h” varies along the beam, this variation is parabolic type. Traditional methods to obtain deflections of variable section members are Simpson\'s rule, or any other technique to perform numerical integration and others authors present tables which are restricted to certain relationships. Besides the effectiveness and accuracy of the developed method, a significant advantage is that the fixed-end moments, carry-over factors and stiffness factors are calculated for any cross section of the beam using the mathematical formulae.

Corporate governance can be considered the most effective crime prevention tool. Bank corporate governance is a body or regulations observing the relations among the observing authorities, the shareholders, the managers and the auditors of the bank establishing a control system to respect all the rights of stakeholders, executing the laws passed by the assembly and preventing occurrence of crimes, transgressions and probable misuses. The national judicial system, except in a few cases, contains lacks beside the legal aspects about special bank crimes and its penal system so that most established bank crimes are the general financial crimes which may also happen just as well in the bank. Strengthening corporate governance in banking laws and promoting regulations relating to bank crimes and fraud is essential.

The Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs) represent a real disposal problem because of their growing magnitude in the municipal solid waste (MSW) and their role as a major source of lead in MSW. The present study is focused on a promising application regarding the CRTs recycling by incorporating CRTs waste in concrete, which could immobilize the metal ions (especially lead) content and could prevent leaching. This composite can be used as building material. The results showed that the lead lechability from the composite is strongly influenced by the pH conditions. Lower leachability was observed under slightly acidic conditions (5.5 < pH < 6.5). In acidic media the leachability was considerably higher reaching a value of 3.28 mg/kg at pH =3. The data summarized in the present study proved that the obtained composite, which incorporates waste CRTs glass can be a good alternative for CRTs recycling and it can be safely used as building material. Under extreme environmental condition (very acid media), which represents the worst case scenario, 0.6% of lead passed into leachate. The results of this study provide useful information for developing policies for managing CRTs waste.

This Study applies the L.A.S.S.I. (Learning and study strategies inventory) in order to understand the areas of limitation and need of guidance to accounting students in a public university in their first college year [10]. Analyzing the areas (attitude, motivation, time administration, anxiety, concentration, process of information, selection of principal ideas, help to study, self-evaluation or control and test strategies) that constitute this inventory, the research team would suggest diverse academic strategies to improve and deal with the areas of conflict and needs in relation to the standard and goals previously established by the authorities of the public university.

Background \nVitamin D deficiency and adipocytokines have been implicated in the etiology of chronic diseases. Associations between circulating 25 hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D] and leptin levels, and sun exposure duration have not been reported in Saudi adults. This study aims to explore the effects of sun exposure on vitamin D and leptin levels in healthy Saudi adults \nMethods: A total of 101 Saudi adults aged 18–35 years were included in this cross sectional study. Levels of sun exposure were determined using a standard questionnaire. Anthropometry, serum 25- (OH) vitamin D and leptin were analyzed.\nResults: All subjects were vitamin D deficient, the majority being moderately deficient (73%). Sun exposure time was the single most significant predictor affecting 25 (OH) Vitamin D levels. We observed strong positive associations for leptin with body mass index (BMI) and inverse associations with 25-OH-VitD respectively. This suggested that BMI and 25-OH-VitD are the primary determinants of circulating leptin. \nConclusion: Vitamin D deficiency is common among Saudi adults, and is influenced by sun exposure duration. Leptin maybe an independent predictor of vitamin D levels. Promotion of an active outdoor lifestyle among Saudi adults may counteract the vitamin D deficiency epidemic in this population.

Stock market efficiency has been considerable importance in financial literature. The efficiency with which the capital formation is carried out depends on the efficiency of the capital markets and financial institutions. A capital market is said to be efficient with respect to corporate event announcement (stock split, buyback, right issue, bonus announcement, merger & acquisition, dividend etc) contained information’s and its disseminations. How quickly and correctly the security prices reflect these event contained information’s show the efficiency of stock markets. This study examines the stock price reaction to announcement of rights offer of equity in India made during the period 2001 to 2012. We find that announcement of rights issues of equity are met with insignificant negative reaction (Value neutral) which is similar to a number of developing countries. As propounded by earlier scholars, rights issue should not have any effect on the price of the share in an informationally efficient market.

In this paper\n\n, A new characterization of rough sets using a given\nsemi-topogenous (respectively,\n topogenous order or a syntopogenous structure) is introduced,\n lower and upper approximations of a sets are constructed and many properties and examples\n are given. Also we show that the approximation space via a syntopogenous structure\n is a generalization of the Pawlak\'s approximation space, topological structure and Salama\'approximation.

This study is a part of research investigation of the effective use of cementitious materials to improve the strength and durability of lightweight coconut shell concrete. In this study the influence of fly ash and silica fume at various replacement levels on the basis of strength, acid and sulphate resistance of coconut shell concrete were evaluated. Coconut shell concrete was made with crushed coconut shell as coarse aggregate with cement replacement of 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% silica fume and fly ash. The coconut shell concrete made with 0% replacement of cement was served as control concrete. The concrete mix proportion for this study was 1:1.58:0.6 with water/cementitious ratio of 0.4. The concrete samples were exposed to water curing, 5% MgSO4, 5% Na2SO4, pH1 and pH2 sulphuric acid solutions. Visible changes of the samples during the exposure were followed. Mass change and compressive strength change were measured at various days. The addition of flyash increases the slump value whereas slica fume reduces the slump due to high fineness. The 28 days compressive strength of coconut shell concrete with 10% silica fume is 22.66 N/mm2 whereas 10% fly ash shows 18.5 N/mm2 both satisfies the minimum requirement of structural lightweight concrete as per ASTM C330. At 365 days strength is 24.85 N/mm2 and 23.85 N/mm2 for the same mix. Structural concrete components undergo degradation when exposed to acid and sulphate environments. Transmission of sulphate ions through pores of concrete produces expansive products such as gypsum and ettringite in the internal microstructure of concrete. This chemical change leads to reduction in mass and strength of structural concrete. It was found that among admixtures used, the addition10% of flyash to cement significantly improved its sulfate and acid resistance than other mix. The mass loss and strength loss caused by MgSO4 seems to be slightly higher than that caused by Na2SO4 environment.

Background and Aims: Chronic postoperative pain (CPOP) is one of the complications of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery. Considering the high incidence of cardiac surgery and the role of limiting of the CPOP syndrome, this study was aimed to compare the impact of two different status of the hand position during this surgery on postoperative shoulder pain.\nMaterials and methods: in this randomized clinical trial 581 patients candidate for heart coronary artery bypass surgery, were divided into two groups. In first group, patients were placed on the bed so their hands were put along the body and in second group their hands were put in perpendicular. Two weeks after the surgery, postoperative shoulder pains were evaluated.\nResults: Of the 581 patients, 173 patients were placed in a state of hand on the side of the body and 408 patients were placed in a state of hand perpendicular to the body. In the terms of the presence of shoulder pain after surgery, a significant correlation existed between the two groups, so on the method of on the side of the body 17.9% of patients had shoulder pain; and on the method of hand perpendicular to the body 33.8% had postoperative shoulder pain.\nConclusions: the findings of this study show that placing the hand next to the body in comparison with the status of perpendicular to the body can be combined with less prevalence of shoulder pain after surgery.

Diagnostic analysis is a necessary tool for tourism planning, because it highlights the encouraging and restrictive factors for tourism in a specific area, indicating, at the same time, the necessary measures to be taken in order to ensure an optimal development. However, studies are absolutely necessary in order to understand the evolution of the phenomenon in perspective, since the introduction of the future parameters of the study area in the decision models allows their verification and refocusing during the modeling process. Prospective research is closely linked to the natural and social economic systems, and it is intended to highlight the factors that encourage or, on the contrary, restrict the tourism planning of a territory. Based on these considerations, the focus of the present study has shifted to the identification and mapping of areas with high vulnerability to certain types of natural and anthropogenic risks, with direct impact on the tourism planning of the Iezer-Păpuşa mountain ridge. In the tourism planning process, decision makers have an image of the vulnerability of the territory to various categories of risks and consequently, they may adopt a variety of solutions and models, customized according to the existing natural conditions. In accordance with the restrictions imposed by these, one can establish the new locations and choose the placement of facilities and equipment in the field.

The purpose is to investigate the effect of laparoscopic carbon dioxide (CO2) pneumoperitoneum in simulated vitro environment on the expression of human ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3’s surface adhesion molecule CD44 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1), and provide experimental safety evidence on laparoscopic surgery. Method: Human ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3 was selected and incubated in vitro. When cells reached logarithmic phase, place them in 100% CO2 15mmHg pressure environment for 1h, 2h, 3h respectively and compared with the control group for ovarian cancer cell line adhesion molecules CD44 and ICAM-1 expression variance using flow cytometry at 0h, 24h, 48h and 72h after CO2 treatment. Results: CO2 could produce a transient effect on ovarian cancer cell surface CD44 and ICAM-1 expression, and these two molecular had similar change profile such as the expression peak occurred at 0~48h and returned to control levels afterwards. Among different CO2 time treated groups, although 1h and 2h groups had expression increase in CD44 and ICAM-1, there was no significant difference comparing to the control groups. The expression peak in 3h was higher than 2h, but overall, the expression level in longer duration treated CO2 groups were higher. Conclusion: Longer time of CO2 pneumoperitoneum will enhance the adhesion capability of ovarian cancer cells, so conducting laparoscopic operation should be relatively safe.

We propose a hybrid scheme to solve system of linear equations Ax=b where A is a sparse and nonsymmetric matrix of dimension N. The method uses a single Krylov subspace per step as a generator of approximations, a projection process, and a Richardson acceleration technique. Numerical experiments indicate that this hybrid method is applicable, has significantly lower memory requirements and better practical performance than block versions of nonsymmetric solvers such as GMRES. We further apply the hybrid method to solve linear system of $Au = f$ arising from finite difference or finite element approximations of partial differential equations.

Recently, the utilization of data mining is vital in a wide range of fields for the knowledge extraction process. The gene data is in the expression levels of thousands of genes for a small amount of samples. Acquiring knowledge is the intricacy in such types of gene data, though number of researches is arising in order to acquire information from these gene data. In this paper, an effective microarray gene data classification with the aid of PCA and SVM is proposed. Initially, the dimensionality diminution process is carried out in order to shrink the microarray data without losing information with the aid of PCA which is one of the techniques utilized for the dimensionality reduction process. The dimensionality reduced gene data is applied with the SVM ensemble for the classification process. Here more than a single class is identified with the aid of this SVM ensemble. This may produce the better results and the obtained results are compared with another dimensionality reduction algorithm PLS.

Abstract: Background - Cardiac arrest is parroted as the major contributor to unanticipated death rate around the globe. In some patients the cardiac problems may re-occur, when they start doing their monotonous work. Decrease in heart rate of a post-operative patient will afford drowsy feeling and increase in heart rate will lead to death and huge accidents. This proposed research work examines the relationship between abnormal heart rate and fatigue of a post-operative person in driving state and alerts the patients in case of abnormality detected.\n Methods and Results - We have offered a new solution to develop an intelligent system that can monitor driver\'s fatigue changes through Electrocardiography (ECG) based Heart Rate Variability (HRV) analysis. Initially the analysis was accomplished by generating a noise free ECG signal through non-intrusive ECG sensors wrapped on to the steering wheel and we have calculated pulse rate using peak detection in LabVIEW.\n Conclusion - From the investigations it is found that if the measured pulse rate is inferior than the threshold the person is subjected to fatigue or if it is greater than threshold then the patient is wide-open to have a second order attack.

Abstract\nAlthough, a lot of researches have been done in the world for the importance of downsizing and its consequences, just a little amount of them have been done in Iran. This research have been surveying the concept effect from organizational justice on selected aspects of individual attitudes survivors resulted of downsizing according to scientific study of various aspects of downsizing in Iranian organizations. Therefore, 316 members of Imam Khomeyni Relief Committee of Fars province, all were survivors of downsizing, were selected and data were collected by questionnaire method using clustering (regional) sampling. Results have shown that conception of distributive and procedural justice, which are two aspects of organizational justice, have direct and meaningful relation with effective commitment, job satisfaction, and continuance commitment, and there is direct and negative relation between turnover intentions and procedural and distributive justice. Also, results showed that trust is a variable which is able to moderate relation of various aspects of organizational justice and individual attitudes of selected aspects.

Investigation of effects of oil price shocks on the structure of macro economy especially economic growth and production has been one of the main issues which have attracted the attention of developed and developing countries. Since Iran’s economy is highly dependent on oil revenues, it is necessary to recognize the country’s conditions and exactly predicting effectiveness rate of fluctuations in oil price on macroeconomic parameters in order to make social-economic development plans and prepare the country’s annual budgets. In this way, planners are able to reduce negative effects oil shocks on macroeconomic parameters and take correct policies when they happen. In this study, we investigate the effects of changes in oil price and fluctuations in currency rate on Iran’s economic growth during the years 1980 to 2008, and then, compare the effects of these fluctuations in Iran to those in the other OPEC-member countries as well as to other similar economic structures. The data analysis method used in this research is Vector Autoregressive Model (VAR) and immediate response functions. According to the result of this research, changes in oil price have a negative long term effect on Iran’s economic growth, and changes in real currency rate and consumer price index have a positive effect on this economy.

After the victory of Islamic revolution in Iran, constitution compiling as a necessity for providing a definite frame in the course of managing the country came to consideration. One of the most important discussions in this process was doctoring at the executive power. Considering importance of the executive power, its duties and authorities was pointed in approved constitution Act in 1980 ( executing ended to same changes in the principles of the executive power and its doctrine of administration and resulted in deleting the prime ministry position and presidency authority increased noticed noticeably. The writer of this search is going to convey the changes which is done before and after the revision, to define reforms and related law in respect of restructure and past – stricture.

This paper proposes Maximum A-Posteriori (MAP) decoding architecture with greater error correcting capability and lower computational hardware complexity. Decoding procedure of the conventional Max-Log-MAP algorithm are performed in parallel and formulated in to a set of simple operations, which can considerably increase the speed of the decoding operations and reduce the complexity of the algorithm. In this research, we propose a scalable Maximum A-Posteriori Algorithm (MAP) processor design which can support both single-binary (SB) and double-binary (DB) decoding for high throughput decoding. The memory requirement for storing the branch and state metrics can be reduced 45% to 55%, and synthesis result shows that the overall memory area can be reduced by 7.29% to 8.90%, when compared to state-of-art MAP decoders. Decoder throughput of the proposed method is maintained without degrading the BER performance. Compared with previous low-complexity techniques, this work reduces gate counts by more than 34.4% and requires only a one-line-buffer memory. The final implementation costs 122 K gate counts with XCS3S500E FPGA processor and consumes 74 mw of power consumption.