Although there is 0-0.03% (0-300 ppm) Carbon dioxide (CO2) in the air, it has a vital importance because of its amount and variance. Plants reduce the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere with photosynthesis. But, plants cannot do photosynthesis in winter or night. As a result, they might have a negative impact on the amount of CO2. In this study, the amount of air carbon dioxide is measured in forests and urban areas and evaluate depending on season and day or night. Results of study show that, despite the amount of carbon dioxide decreases in the summer depending on the sunlight, it can reach the level of twice at night. In addition to day and night, there is a big difference between the amount of carbon dioxide in terms of summer and winter seasons.

This research done with aims to assess the educational needs of managers in the industrial city of Tehran, Abbas Abad. Research method is a descriptive - correlation. The population consisted of 1000 managers in the industrial town located in the province of Tehran. Based on Chris and Morgan, a random sample of 278 people has been studied among them.Research instrument was questionnaire that Was composed. Component characteristics of Directors, its management, business administration, management, subordinates, management, internal relations and external relations department of the organization. Student\'s t-test results showed that all the variables are the educational needs of managers

In industrial automation pneumatic actuator, cylinder is the key and resultant working element for delivering effective energy. The operational performances of these actuators are measured in terms of cycle time in automation. Cycle time is the most important design criteria to obtain process throughput time and accuracy in actuator parameters. Further study of dynamic behavior of the actuator is attracting importance to maintain optimum process condition to reach other product quality parameter. The commercially available FluidSIM4 simulation software is used to investigate the dynamic performance of the pneumatic actuator. In this investigation dynamic behavior of position, velocity and acceleration of an actuator under various inlet orifice diameters of directional control valve (DCV) for the nominal working pressure are studied. The DCV is the energy transfer, speed and direction controlling element of the actuator. The investigation of dynamic performance is presented in this article and significant behavior of cycle time with respect to orifice diameter is discussed.

In gerontology the concept of loneliness has often been used to characterise the social world of older people as well as an indicator of their quality of life. Like many other social science concepts they are taken-for-granted ideas from everyday life.\nThis article highlights the feeling and experience of loneliness present at the age of three, as well as its effects on the quality of life of people throughout the late years. It particularly refers to the status, level of anxiety people experience and the state of depression caused by the same state of loneliness.

Recently, mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) have drawn attention by many researchers due to the development of portable computers laptops and Wi-Fi wireless network appliances have accounted for ad hoc networks. Many academic researchers have shown great interest in ad hoc networks for twenty years. One of the main fields adopted by researchers studying on Mobile Ad-hoc Networks is to develop routing protocols in wireless systems. Routing protocol development is related to complexity, scalability, adaptability, productivity, and battery life in wireless systems. Routing protocols for wireless systems are developed in order to cope with these problems. In this paper, AODV, DSDV and Beeadhoc routing algorithms for MANETs are empirically compared in order to resource their large-scale behaviors. The results presented as graphs and brief discussion is given.

In the 1990s, the Romanian model for population occupation related to the active sector has changed completely as opposed to the prior period, since the occupation of the labour force is one of the most problematic aspects of transition. Privatization and decentralization in the Romanian economy have had an important effect on the labour market, leading to heavy redundancy and to the coinage of the unemployment phenomenon. Economy devolutions have reduced the possibilities for labour force occupation; the number of the active population, the rate of activity and occupation has diminished respectively, and the rate of unemployment has increased. Between 1992 and 2009 population migrations have been registered between economy branches, both at a national and local level, as the structure of engaged population depending on economy activities has been altered. This is determined by the difficult situation that the national economy is facing as it transitions from the socialist centralized model to the private one. The diminishing of industrial activity, and especially of large economic units, unprofitable, has led to the diminishing of the active population in the secondary sector. The paper is aiming to identify and analyses the dynamics of employed population structure by gender during the postcomunist period. Based on several statistical data and the scientific cross-references, the authors were able to relate the changes on total population, active population, labour resources, active population by activity and unemployment rate during la last 25 years in South-Western Development Region of Romania.

The aim of this research work is to optimization sorption characteristic of bone char for the removal of Escherichia coli (E.coli) from air. Response surface method (RSM) and experimental design were applied as an alternative to conventional methods for the optimization. Mathematical model equations were derived by computer simulation programming with a least squares method using the Design-Expert version 7.0.0 software. In these equations, the removal ef¬ficiencies of E.coli adsorption was expressed as second-order functions of three factors, such as bone char dose (g), air volume (L/min) and initial microbe (CFU/mL). Statistical checks (ANOVA table, R2 and R2adj value, model lack of fit test, and p value) indicated that the model was adequate for representing the experimental data.\nTo gain a better understanding of the two variables for optimal coagulation performance, the model was presented 3-D response surface graphs. The optimum conditions of sorption were found to be: initial microbe 2207246 (CFU/mL), bone char dose 3 (g), air volume 1.5 (L/min). The removal efficiency of E.coli after optimization was 99.5%, while predicted value, 98.1%. The Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevick isotherms are subjected to sorption data to estimate sorption capacity, intensity and energy. The results gained from this study were well described by the theoretical Freundlich. Three equations, i.e. Morris–Weber, Lagergren and pseudo second order have been tested to track the kinetics of adsorption process. The results gained from this study were well described by the theoretical pseudo second order.

A two dimensional numerical study is presented for steady state performance of a non-premixed flameless catalytic burner. In these burners, the gaseous fuel enters from the rear of the burner and passes through insulation and catalyst layers. The oxygen enters the catalyst layer from the burner surface and opposite to the fuel path. The reaction takes place over the catalyst layer. In this paper, the mass, momentum, energy and species conservation equations in porous and non-porous media are solved using the finite element method in a commercial software. The simulations are based on proposed corrections on boundary conditions and combustion rate of methane which were used and reported by other researchers in the literature. The results compared with experimental measurements available in the literature for the same geometry and conditions which shows a 10% improvement with respect to previous reported results. It is shown that diffusion of oxygen through the pad limits the catalytic combustion and controls the fuel conversion in the burner.

Background: Medical tourism is becoming an international business that its importance is increasing gradually. According to Iranian 1404 vision document, more than 20 million external tourists are estimated for Iran annually that a major portion of them will refer to health sector. The aim of this study was to recognize the most significant opportunities and challenges in front of medical tourism development from experts` points of view in Iran. \nMethod: This was a qualitative study applying thematic analysis on a goal- oriented sample of 22 key informants in private and public health sector attending 3 expert panels until achieving saturation. Data were analyzed applying Krueger method, utilizing Microsoft office word to extract main themes.\nResults: Results deriving from interviews in expert panels about medical tourism, lead to present 20 main themes in threat part and 14 main themes about opportunities.\nConclusion: Despite the opportunities in front of medical tourism in Iran, different challenges are considerable. So in order to apply these capabilities, adopting solutions to decrease the challenges and change them as opportunities of medical tourism industry will be necessary.

Network-on-Chip (NoC) is the interconnection platform that answers the needs of the trendy on-Chip design. Tiny optimizations in operative router design will show an important improvement within the overall performance of operative based NoC systems. Router buffer impact on electricity consumption, Regional ceilings and the entire NoC. Resource sharing in the chip of the network is important reduction chip space and power consumption. Associate space economical implementation of a routing node for an operative is conferred. To develop careful space and energy models for on-chip interconnection networks and describe tradeoffs within the design of economical networks for covered chip multiprocessors. Using these complete models to analyze however aspects of the specification together with topology, channel breadth, routing strategy, and buffer size have an effect on performance and impact space and energy potency. To simulate the performance of a range of on-chip networks designed for covered chip multiprocessors enforced in a complicated VLSI method and compare space and energy efficiencies calculable from NoC models.

Optic disc detection and segmentation is an important step in many computer-aided diagnosis systems. It is a prerequisite for effective segmentation of many other anatomical features in retinal images. In this paper, a new automatic method for Optic disc segmentation from digital color fundus images is proposed. In the preprocessing stage, a binary mask is generated using Gaussian filter followed by extraction of intensity information from both red and green channels to form a modified intensity component. The boundary of the optic disc is then located using the multi-scale Laplacian of Gaussian (LOG) filters. The performance of the proposed method has been evaluated using 1441 images from four publicly available datasets. Experimental results show a 100% success rate for both DRIVE and ARIA datasets. For the STARE and MESSIDOR, a success rate of 98.8% and 99.83% is achieved respectively which is better that the state-of-the-art methods.

This paper mainly addresses the orientation-singularity and the orientationability analyses of a special class of the Stewart-Gough parallel manipulators whose moving and base platforms are two similar semi-symmetrical hexagons. Employing a unit quaternion to represent the orientation of the moving platform, an analytical expression representing the singularity locus of this class of parallel manipulators in a 6-Dimensional (6-D) Cartesian space is obtained. Based on the research of the orientation-singularity, a new performance index referred to as orientationability is introduced to describe the orientation capability of the special class of manipulators at a given position and a discretization algorithm is proposed for its computation. Moreover, the effects of the design parameters and position parameters on the orientationability are investigated. Based on the orientationability performance index, another novel performance index practical orientationability is presented which represents the practical orientation capability of the parallel manipulator.

Three years of field experiments were conducted to explore the effects of irrigation managements on winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in the North China Plain. The optimal irrigation management, with application of around 240 mm irrigation, was obtained by analyzing soil water content, soil salinity, crop yield, evapotranspiration, water use efficiency and benefit-cost for different irrigation managements. Under this irrigation schedule, soil salinity reduced significantly, which scarcely restricted crop growth through three years of cultivation. Crop yield of summer maize increased by 2.2%, though that of winter wheat showed no significant difference compared with the regular irrigation schedule.ET of crops decreased, WUE and benefit-cost increased obviously to a certain extent.

The production of complex parts in automobile, aircraft, gas, water and hydraulic system are increasingly used nowadays.\nResistance to strain and displacement are important characteristics in their production procedure.\nThe parts strength related to their resistance to strain and \nIn this research we compare theoretical results with experimental ones. Initially, we discuss pipe cross shaped studies which is analyzed by software and then compare them whit practical results figures.

As the information in the World Wide Web is growing by leaps and bound every day, it has become extremely difficult for us to search and retrieve the content of our need. There is not a single topic or field that can be pointed out and said that the World Wide Web does not possess some information about it. Whatever be the search domain, there is at least some amount of minimum content that is being returned by the search engine, provided there exists such an entity in the world. So it is known that the World Wide Web is a huge repository of information. But the problem with the World Wide Web can be associated with its size. Owing to the large and still growing nature of the web, searching the information that is present in some nook and corner of it has become the biggest problem. This problem has been addressed by many people and many algorithms, but still a proper solution has not been found out yet, which is rather difficult to attain. Hence in this paper we propose a method that can be useful in extracting the relevant content from the voluminous amount of data that is available in the World Wide Web.

In enterprises, innovation, marketing, and product design should be closely coordinated. Most research has demonstrated that an effective connection among innovation R&D, marketing activities, and design pushes products into the marketplace and guarantees their success. However, empirical studies of the Co-creations among innovation, marketing, and design strategies in new product development (NPD) performance are rare. This gives an effective empirical contribution towards the emerging body of students developing the co-creation paradigm, mainly indicated by conceptual advances in strategic management logic. The overall aim of the paper is to unravel the nature of strategy processes of co-creation in manufacturing-based innovation. \nIn this study, new technology-based services enterprises from the Taiwan Bicycle Exporter’s Association (TBEA) database were chosen randomly as subjects. In the first survey, the status of the marketing strategy, innovation strategy, and design strategy was determined. After a new product was marketed for one year, a second survey was conducted as an NPD performance check. After repeated contact, 188 enterprises (23.5%) responded. Major findings of the study are as follows. 1) The structural equation model (SEM) results demonstrate a good fit between the theoretical model and observed data for innovation, marketing, and design strategies. 2) The NPD performance is influenced by an enterprise’s innovation, marketing, and design strategies. Moreover, innovation and marketing strategies also influence NPD performance through design strategy. For NPD performance, design strategy is both an independent variable and an intervening variable. 3) The NPD performance can be reinforced when enterprises struggle for innovation, marketing, and design strategies. The findings claim that the co-creation path isn\'t simple or uninfected, and also the paper unravels the character of complex designs of activities and interactions.

After the global financial crisis in 2007 and 2008, there were shortcomings in the regulatory aspects. Basel Committee, a subsidiary of the International Settlements Bank, prepared the draft agreement which in accordance with Article VIII of the Basel 3 banking supervisors must be assured that banks have credit risk management process in which institution\'s risk situation is considered. The purpose of this research is practical, this study did not examine reasons and only models and methods are discussed in this paper. The research method is correlation method. All corporate customers of credit facilities and national banking network that have received credit facilities from National (Melli), Nation (Mellat) and Business (Tejarat) banks are defined as statistical population. The sample size is 370. Each of these banks in the sampling method considered as an organization. In the next step, several branches of different banks are selected by using simple random sampling and in the last stage by applying stratified random sampling, some firms which receiving credit from the banks in the years 2000 to 2010 were selected. The required data were collected by using library and field research methodology. In this study, the descriptive statistics methods and analysis and inferential statistical methods also were used. To investigate credit risk measurement models, significant correlation coefficients test, Coefficients of the linear probability model (bivariate regression and multiple regressions) and ANOVA were applied.

Reviewing the relation between economic growth and international trade is one of the important issues in international economic literature. However, the literature related to the relation between economic growth and international trade has found a particular place at macro levels. Whether foreign trade is driving force of a country`s development? Or on the contrary, the theory of comparative advantage is not consistent with growth and rapid development needs. Basically, the main issue is that whether countries will be able to make more benefit in the process of economic globalization or not? To answer this question, it should be noted that the success of a country depends on its economic structure, principles and rules governing that country and its capability in international market. The main objective of the present study is to investigate the effect of trade liberalization in economic growth conducted using the evidence of MENA countries. Based on the research findings, minimal tariff rates have negative effect in economic growth. Moreover, growth rate has a positive significant effect in international trade.

The aim of paper is studying the impact of perceived quality on customer satisfaction in e-markets. In this research, the impact of perceived quality and factors affecting it, including the appearance of the website and the quality of content, on the satisfaction of the customer in Shahrvand e-store is examined. Additionally, in this research perceived trust is examined as mediator variable. Regarding the method, the present study is a causal research which is conducted by survey and considering the aim, it is applicable. The statistical sample size for society is 280 that only 200 of the filled questionnaires were usable. Statistical analyses which were done based on structural equations confirmed the theoretical model and the direct relation between research hypotheses were proved. The results show that electronic service quality and trust have direct influence on the satisfaction of the customer. Consequently, site appearance and content quality have direct relationship with service quality and finally electronic service quality has a great impact on customer trust.

Linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS), the most widely surface active agents where used in industrial and domestic detergent and cleaner structure. Many environmental problems such as: eutrophication, negative effects on aquatic life, destruction of aquatic ecosystems, soil pollution, mutagenic and xenobiotic effects, reducing the oxygen level in the water, and so on have been reported related with LAS. In this study, ozone as an advanced oxidation method was used for the treatment of LAS containing wastewaters. For this purpose, the impact of contact time (CT) and pH variations on LAS removal by ozonation at different concentrations of 1.5, 7.5, 20, 45, 75, 100 and 250 mg/L were examined. LAS elimination kinetic was determined based on removal rates via time variations. Best results was achieved at pH=11 and CT=90 min for C=250 and C=5mg/L tantamount to 90.78 % and nearly 100% respectively. According to the results ozone system can be an excellent option for LAS containing wastewater treatment. Moreover LAS removal will follow the first-order kinetics. On the other hand increasing the initial concentration has a negative impact on the reaction rate.

ABSTRACT -AIMS: Survivin is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family; it is overexpressed in most cancer tissues and induces resistance to radiation therapy. In this study, we investigated whether knockdown of survivin by siRNA can induce apoptosis and enhance radiosensitivity in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells (OSCC).\nMATERIALS AND METHODS:Oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines KB was subjected to radiotherapy. small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting survivin was transfected into KB cells in vitro,then subjected to radiotherapy.After irradiation or/and siRNA transfection, viable and dead cells were counted to determine radiation sensitivity by MTT assay, proliferation by colony-forming ability and apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. Tumor-bearing mice were irradiated with 6 Gy of 60Co-γ radiator. \nRESULTS:The results showed knockdown of survivin in KB cells showed reduced cell proliferation, an increased number of radiation-induced apoptosis. Apoptosis was increased by knockdown alone and increased further in combination with irradiation. Colony formation was significantly reduced by survivin knockdown in combination with irradiation.\nCONCLUSIONS: We then conclude survivin down-regulation sensitizes cells toward irradiation. Survivin knockdown in combination with radiation inhibits cell proliferation and colony formation significantly and increases apoptosis more than each single treatment alone. In addition, siRNA survivin significantly enhanced inhibition of tumor growth and potentiated cell apoptosis by irradiation in KB xenografts. In conclusion, down regulation of survivin could enhance sensitivity of human KB cells to radiotherapy in vitro and in vivo.

Background: Chronic diabetic foot ulcers are a common complication in diabetes. Objective: To investigate the effects of 8-weeks pulsed neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser in treatment of chronic diabetic foot ulcers. Design: Randomized controlled trial .Methods: forty three patients (ages 40 to 60 years) with grade II diabetic foot ulcers were randomly assigned to the laser group or the placebo laser group. Patients in laser group received pulsed Nd:YAG laser (i.e. total energy 230-250 J) 3 sessions/week for 8 weeks plus standard medical treatment, placebo laser group received sham laser treatments plus standard medical treatment. Outcome measure: Wound surface area (WSA) was assessed for all patients at the beginning of the treatment (baseline), after 4 weeks (midpoint) and after 8 weeks. Results: The decrease in WSA after 4 and 8 weeks post treatment was significantly greater in the laser group (i.e., 4.40±0.61 cm2 and 0.89±0.58 cm2, respectively) as compared to the placebo group (i.e., 6.02±0.83 cm2 and 4.21±0.46 cm2, respectively) and the percentage % decrease in WSA after 4 and 8 weeks for laser group was 31 % and 79 % and 0.72% and 30% for the placebo laser group. Conclusion: Pulsed Nd:YAG laser combined with standard medical treatment decreases WSA for grade II diabetic foot ulcers.

PPSM architecture synthesizes multiplier blocks with low hardware requirement suitable for implementation as part of full parallel finite impulse response (FIR) filters is presented in this paper. FIR digital filters are widely used in DSP by the virtue of its stability, linear phase, fewer finite precision error and efficient implementation. In this paper, new reconfigurable architectures of low complexity FIR filters are proposed, namely programmable shifts method. The Methods can be modified by replacing the adder architecture by using carry save adder instead of normal adder architecture. The proposed architectures offer 12% of area and power reductions and compared to the best existing reconfigurable FIR filter implementations in the literature and the proposed architectures have been implemented and tested on Spartan-3 xc3s200-5pq208 field-programmable gate array (FPGA) and synthesized.

One of the methods for improving meat products and improving quality of the products is reduction of their negative effects on health. On the other hand, improving physicochemical and organoleptic properties of the meat products can be effective in this regard. The main objective of the present study is to assess effects of rice bran protein on physical-sensory properties of German sausage. Main results of the study were applying of rice bran protein concentrate in formulation of produced treatments in amount of 50gr/5kg, 100gr/5kg, 150gr/5kg and 200gr/5kg, which provides desirable output.

From the beginning of creation until now, man has created strange and amazing creatures with his power of imagination and he has assigned great power and abilityto his imaginary creatures. In the basis of nations’ mythologies birds have a significant place and Simurgh as a mysterious and powerful bird that can do supernatural thing has been specially manifested in mythology. In Persian and Indian epics dragon has been mentioned many times. In Shahnameh the most prominent of these dragons is Zahhak and in Mahabharata it is Virtra. Killing dragon is one of the acts that famous heroes have done as in the Indo-Iranian mythology dragon is the symbol of draught and in fact, killing dragon is the symbol of victory over draught.By comparing Indian and Persian mythology a lot of homogeneity can be seen between their narrations. In history of Persian mythology dragon is an ugly and scary. And it is also a giant and big snake or lizard that has superhuman body and runs towards people and devours them with his deadly claws and big and black wings and with a burning fire in his mouth. Great Persian kings or heroes fight against the dragon and destroy its decimation and destruction power. Here it is been tried to investigate the appearance of Simurgh and dragon in Indian and Persian mythology and in addition to describing the similarities between the mythologies of these nations, an analysis and review is done on these mythical creatures.

Persian Gulf region during the last decades of the new century, the most\nimportant region of the world and will continue to play an important role in\ninternational politics. There are many reasons for the importance of the\nPersian Gulf. First, the global oil and gas reserves in the Persian Gulf littoral\nstates and lies and concentrates. In the new century provide.\nIn other words, the horizon of the world needs oil rich Persian Gulf region,\nthere is another Enough energy to power industrial countries, especially the\ndeveloping or developed in the U.S., Europe, Japan, China, Korea, and the\nIndian subcontinent to meet the new century. It is important to measure the\neffect of events such as wars, revolutions and rebellions, the area of oil and\ngas will continue to fail. Pressure on the consumer countries in the energy\nlevel of the international will to Persian Gulf the scene in such a compilation\nand in the framework of the carrier to the production energy sides and disorder\nentered serious basic interests to not damage their little not to enter\nIran is located at the center of strategic energy ellipse Middle East geopolitical\nareas and especially those versed in the political geography of the north side\nof the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea Oceanic Influence on India\'s fundamental\nrole in the geopolitical strategies of international interaction Iran has brought.\nNo doubt balance in the Persian Gulf is so broad in scope impacts the area in\nany structure a new geopolitical levels international vibrations may cause.

Maize is one of the most important cereal crops grown worldwide. Aluminum toxicity and low pH are the two main important factors affecting maize production on the Ultisols of the tropics, including Malaysia. Two short-term experiments were conducted in a laboratory to investigate the effects of Al and/or pH on the growth of maize seedlings, using Mas Madu cultivar. In experiment 1, the seedlings were grown in 0.5 mM CaCl2 solution containing various concentration of Al for one week. In the second experiment, maize seedlings were grown in the same solution but at different pH levels. The morphology of the maize root was studied at harvest using a root scanner. Organic acids secretions from the roots were determined using high performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that root length and root surface area of the maize seedlings decreased significantly with increasing Al concentration, but the root length and root surface area increased with the increase in solution pH. Only oxalic acid was secreted by the maize roots, occurring mostly at high Al concentration as well as at very low pH. The secretion of this acid by the roots is a plausible mechanism how maize slightly defend itself against Al3+ toxicity and/or H+ stress. The critical Al concentration and pH as determined by this study were 12 µM and 6.2, respectively. It means that acid Ultisols in the tropics having high Al concentration should be adequately limed to eliminate Al toxicity before being used for sustainable maize cultivation.