Environmental interests and limited resource of petroleum fuels have caused disquiet in the development of combustion and emission control research on (IC) engines. For a diesel engine, fuel injection timing is a major parameter that affects the combustion and exhaust emissions. Dilution of the intake air of the Diesel engine with the inert gases is one of the emission control techniques like exhaust gas recirculation, water injection in to combustion chamber and cyclic variability, varying injection time without scarifying power output and/or thermal efficiency . This paper investigates the effects of injection timing of a DI diesel engine having added argon inert gas to dilute the intake air and to improve the performance and reduce the emissions mainly nitrogen oxides. The input variables of this study include the compression ratio, stroke length, and engine speed and argon concentration. Output parameters like thermal efficiency, volumetric efficiency, heat release rates, brake power, exhaust gas temperature and emissions of NOx, CO2 and CO were studied in a diesel engine, under variable argon concentrations. Results of this study showed that the addition of Argon gas to the intake air of the DI diesel engine has significantly improved the emission characteristics and engine’s performance within the range studied.
Ozai Figh was become common in Andalusia from 92 that Andalusia was conquered by Muslims and people social issues closely related to this Figh, people who found it Figh but Maliki replaced the Ozai Figh by Umayyad Caliphate establishment in Andalusia and Hakam Ibn Hisham (180-206) established Maliki Figh as Andalusia official religion. But after fall of the Umayyads, the Maliki Figh remained dominant in Andalusia and despite the periodical dominance of Shafei and Zaheri Fighs, Maliki continued as the predominant Figh in Andalusia.\nIn this study using descriptive - analytical method we try to answer the question whether the social status and people civilization level has impacted on dominant Figh religions in Andalusia or not? And whether there is the relationship between social conditions and Maliki Figh final ascendancy in Andalusia or not?
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety and feasibility of minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) by anterior approach in humeral shaft fractures. There were retrospectively evaluated 45 patients operated by this procedure. All patients were followed for at least 12 months. The operating time, postoperative complications, time to fracture healing, the Constant score for shoulder and Mayo elbow performance index (MEPI) were recorded. The mean operating time was 74.8 minutes; 44 fractures healed within a mean time of 11 weeks (range 8-20 weeks) while we have registered one nonunion in a female with morbid obesity. There were no vascular or nerve complications, except three postoperative transient paresthesia for the radial nerve. We have registered two cases with partial sliding for proximal screws with secondary displacement and healing in acceptable limits. All patients achieved satisfactory shoulder function with a mean constant score of 87.6 points (range 72-100 points). Elbow function was excellent in 32 cases and good in 13 cases with a mean MEPI of 92.6 points (range 75-100 points). \nThe authors are promoting the advantages of this procedure regarding safety and feasibility, as well as plate stability which allows a fast rehabilitation. Even if it is a demanding technique, MIPO seems to be the best option for distal third humeral fracture and viable solution for fractures with radial nerve palsy.
Critical approach where human abilities and concerns and creates works of art is called humanism. This word has been adapted from Humus meaning soil or earth placing human as the center of cosmos against the central God of the church members. Humanism has its own special definition in every culture and society. In Persian mystical literature, humanism is attributed to “perfect man” but in European literature, humanism is the name of an intellectual-cultural movement which started to encourage and urge the interest toward outstanding works of art of Greece and Rome in 15th century. Based on these two definitions, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the place of perfect man in mystical literature especially in Attar Neyshabouri Manteqotteir . \nThis study considers the reasons of arrival of the concept of perfect man in mystical literature focusing on Manteqotteir. The question is that what is the effect of social background and intellectual eclecticism between Islamic scholars and philosophers in defining the relationship between God and human and society in 6th and 7th Hegira century in emergence of the concept of perfect human in mystical literature and how this issue has been shown in Attar’s Manteqotteir ? The answering hypothesis with accepting the difference between humanistic theoretical foundations in modern and classic literature considers attending to perfect human in mystical literature especially in Attar’s Manteqotteir as a reply to deviations in theoretical foundations of Islamic sects and social background where Attar lived. These findings gained using Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis which considers text production regarding its social background.
This article describes a Synchronous reference frame based current control scheme for three phase shunt active power filters (SAPFs) to reduce or to remove harmonics, correct power factor and balance asymmetrical load is analyzed. This active power filter (APFs) is used to compensate harmonic currents and reactive power generated from the nonlinear loads. In this article to determine reference compensation currents, under balanced source voltages, which using the voltage source inverter for harmonic filtering of a three-phase shunt active filter. In this proposed method fuzzy gain sechduling controllers controller is used, the response of the DC link voltage is compared with PI controller. The main objective of this article is to analyze shunt active filters with fuzzy gain sechduling controllers and PI controllers. To carry out this analysis, active and reactive current methods (Id-Iq) are considered. Extensive simulations were carried out. The simulations were performed under balance sinusoidal conditions. The results validate the dynamic behavior of fuzzy gain sechduling controllers controllers over PI controllers. The simulation of the proposed system is evaluated using MATLAB Simulink and the results show that the proposed method is more effective than the existing methods.