The production of Fuel ethanol from largely plentiful and sustainable agro-residues such as sugarcane bagasse provides long range, strategic and geopolitical benefits. Pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse is an unavoidable process for improved saccharification of cell wall carbohydrates. In the recent times, ammonium hydroxide-based pretreatment technologies have gained significance as an efficient and economical pretreatment strategy. We assume that soaking in concentrated aqueous ammonia-mediated thermochemical pretreatment (SCAA) would overcome the native recalcitrance of SB by improving cellulase accessibility of the embedded holocellulosic microfibrils.

Corn and other high-starch grains have been converted into ethanol for several centuries, yet its application as fuel has extremely increased during the past century. Corn or Zea Mays is considered as a common and famous feedstock for ethanol production in the United States of America because of its abundance and relatively easier conversion to ethyl alcohol or ethanol. Conversion includes grinding, fermentation with yeast, cooking with enzymes and distillation to remove water. Two more steps are included for fuel ethanol: molecular sieve to remove the last drop of the water and denaturing to make the ethanol undrinkable.

The objective of this study was to develop a straightforward, accurate and time saving prognosticative model for alcohol production. Results suggest that artificial neural networks provide a good means of effective recognizing patterns in data and accurately predicting ethanol concentration based on investigating inputs. Important and environmentally friendly enhancements are necessary in bio-fuel production technology to cut back production prices and create it as a competitive resource material. This study carried out a cost-effective bioprocess to provide bio-ethanol from sugarcane molasses by choosing strains of the yeast S. cerevisiae, through experiments at laboratory, pilot and industrial scales. Artificial neural networks are shown to be powerful tools for system modeling.. Results suggest that artificial neural networks provide a good means of effective recognizing patterns in data and accurately predicting ethanol concentration based on investigating inputs. The ethanol concentration appraised in experiments of industrial biofuel production and this research develops an accurate, simple, nondestructive and time saving artificial neural networks model for estimation of ethanol concentration in batch ethanol fermentation from molasses based on live and dead yeast cells, sugar concentration.

The possibility of using carbonate manganese ore from Chiatura Deposit (Georgia) in the glass\nenamels industry is described.The nonfluor multicomponent manganese-containing glasses has been designed.\nThe carbonate ore in these composition is presented in an amounts of from 30 to 40 wt. %. Their chemical stability\nhas been established. It is shown that replaicing the sand by carbonate ore causes an increase in the alkali resistance\nof the frits, but replaicing the SiO2 by ZrO2 leads to a similar effect. The kinetic analysis of glass materials\ncorrosion processes was presented. The roughness parameters responsible for deposit growth on investigated\nsurface are analyzed. The optimal glass composition was used to obtain high-quality tracks in the “metal-vitreous\nenamel” system. Upgraded cost-effective enamel coating may initially provide adequate protection of steel pipes\nand can be recommended for testing on pipelines.

Many experts would agree that, had it not been\nfor neural networks, the development of von Neu-\nmann machines might never have occurred. In\nfact, few researchers would disagree with the\nsimulation of Boolean logic, which embodies the\nconfusing principles of cryptography [1, 2, 3].\nArchBot, our new system for the natural unifica-\ntion of Smalltalk and architecture, is the solution\nto all of these issues.

Abstract: Averroes have been against Avicenna about the five viewpoints of him in ontology and metaphysic. First is the principle express nothing issues from the one except one and Ibn Roshd as a Aristotelian philosopher don’t accept it. Second is the Avicenna’s explanation about the processes of creation and the number of celestial spheres. The third challenge between them is about the happening of world and the fourth is the apprehension of mind (soul) and at the end Ibn Roshd refuses Avicenna’s argument about the redundancy of existence of essence. On the whole Ibn Roshd believes Avicenna’s mistake roots from two factors. At first Avicenna’s opinions as he mentioned, aren’t occasionally coherence with Aristotle’s philosophy. And the second some of them are paradoxical.

It is being known that land consolidation operations have a significant interference on rural environment. By the planning of agricultural sub and super structure and interference to property along with the consolidation projects, the natural structure of lands is being deteriorated. By this study, it has been tried to determine the effect of land consolidation on rural environment. In order to determine the positive and negative effects, “Yeşilova, Ormankadı, Tepecik, Bakırköy” -among the villages of Bursa Mustafakemalpaşa plain where land consolidation is not being carried out- and “Sazlıca, Ortasarıbey, Eskisarıbey ve Yenisarıbey” -among the villages of Bursa Karacabey plain where land consolidation is being carried out- have been selected. The data of questionnaire conducted with the employers intended for the examined villages at Bursa (Turkey) Mustafakemalpaşa and Karacabey consists the material of the study.

Background and Objectives : With the increasing use of medicinal fungi and its effect on medical treatment, this branch of alternative medicine as antimicrobial additives have an important role in maintaining food quality. This study is aimed to determine the antimicrobial effects of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of macroscopic fungus Clitocybe brumalis.\nMaterial and methods: In this experimental study, during 2010-2011 (late fall and early winter in Zahedan and Khash), the stage of collecting the macroscopic fungus has been done, and then all samples have been examined in the microbiology lab of Islamic Azad University of Zahedan. At first, the bacteria were prepared from pure culture, and also the aqueous and methylen extracts have been prepared in the soxhelt apparatus. The effect of the concentrations of 1/0, 2/0 and 3/0 mg/mL were studied on bacteria Proteus volgaris, Salmonella typhimurium, and Staphylococcus epidermidis using the disk diffusion method, as well as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).\nResults: Certain concentrations of fungus extracts have antibacterial effects on some microorganisms. Although Effect of alcoholic extract was reduced by decreasing the concentration, the aqueous extract was reverse mode. The results indicated that aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Clitocybebrumalis contain compounds with anti-microbial properties. Study on Antimicrobial activity of macroscopic fungus extracts is a way to find new crucial combinations of microorganisms. \nDiscussion: indicated that the alcoholic extract effect (80% ethanol) of fugues Clitocybe brumalis on the bacteria Staphylococcus epidermises, Proteus volgaris and Salmonella typhimurium resulted in a clear halo. But in gram positive bacterial species diameters of halos at three different dilutions (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3) aqueous fungus extract haven\'t shown any antibacterial effect against gram-negative bacteria and also we noticed that the alcoholic extract has a direct effect on the bacterial species, while aqueous extract has less effect on the bacterial species.

The purpose of this research work is to realize a statistical analysis of the effects of different factors on accidents involving dangerous goods transportation. For this, the author’s used a sample of 128 accidents. Using statistical software R and applying a logistic regression model, the results showed that factors like geographical area where an accident takes place, the road type, the vehicle type and goods transported have a significant effect on the probability that an accident occurs.

The present study seeks to gain the historian’s insight regarding Comprehension of Theology and the attitude resulting from it in the history written by them, with understanding the hidden messages in historical texts through interpretation and analysis. In the meantime, we seek to find the impact of the historians’ attitude in their adopted historiography method. It seems that there is a relationship between insight, attitude and historians’ method which is worthy of consideration.\nSurely to gain the insight of the historian, it is necessary to enter the field of Epistemology. By general definition, cognition includes empirical, sensory and intellectual cognitions. Religious cognition is placed in the domain of rational recognitions. Religion is a fixed matter, however; religious knowledge varies. In a way, the difference between interpretations of the main sources of religious knowledge has led to religious sects and different theologies. \nThe comprehension of theology of Iranian historians of the Islamic period – 3rd -6th Hijri centuries- in three domains of Mu\'tazilites and al-Ash\'ari and Maturidi have led to differences in understanding, opinion and attitude toward historical events. These historians, considering their theological attitudes in historiography has adopted their descriptive, analytical and causal method.