Objectives: To evaluate the comparative antimalarial effects of three plants, Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Benth., Cissampelos pareira L. and Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook.f. & Thoms from different parts of Himachal Pradesh (India).\nMethods: Screening of plant extracts for their antimalarial activity was carried out following Peter\'s 4-day test. This test was followed to evaluate the blood schizontocidal action against P. berghei. Plant extracts were prepared from roots of Cissampelos pareira L., Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Benth and stem of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.)Hook.f. & Thoms. The extract was given in concentration of 500 mg/ kg body weight per dose per day to the experimental animals. These extracts were given to the mice in aqueous medium daily from day 0 to day 3 by oral route. A control group of mice received chloroquine at 4 mg/ kg standard antimalarial. Untreated control group was given only plain water. Plasmodium berghei (NK-65), a rodent malaria parasite, was maintained in white Swiss mice, Mus musculus (BALB/c).\nResults: These three plants have shown antimalarial effects. In the group of mice which were treated with extract Picrorhiza kurrooa showed mean parasitaemia of 4.36 ± 2.25 and percent of infection ranged between 1.9% to 6.9%. Mice which were treated with extract of Cissampelos pareira L. mean parasitaemia was 11.64 ± 4.20 and percent infection ranged between 6.28% to 16.06% on day 4 while those treated with Tinospora cordifolia showed mean parasitaemia of 13.90 ± 2.25 with parasitaemia ranging between 10.42% to 16.44%.\nConclusions: The present study clearly establishes antimalarial impacts of these plants and revealed that P. kurrooa have maximum antimalarial properties followed by Cissampelas praeiraare and Tinospora cordifolia.

A matrix converter is an ac-ac power converter topology that has received extensive research attention as \nan alternative to traditional ac-dc-ac converter. A matrix converter is able to convert energy from an ac source to ac \nload without the need of bulky and limited-lifetime energy-storage elements. This paper discusses the novel \ntechniques for controlling matrix converters using intelligent techniques, thereby controlling an electrical drive. PI \ncontrollers are employed for speed control (Direct Torque Control) of 3Φ Induction Motor drives. Various \nintelligent techniques adopted in this paper for control are Fuzzy Logic and Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System \n(ANFIS). Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) are the various optimization \ntechniques proposed to optimize the gains of PI controllers of the process. The performance of the system is \ncompared in terms of time domain specifications using intelligent and various optimization techniques and \nsimulation results are presented. The investigation in this paper reveals that ACO based optimization is better in all \naspects than PSO based techniques.

Cluster aggregation of statistical anomaly detection is a mechanism for defending against denial of service attack (dos) and distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks. DDoS attacks are treated as a congestion-control problem; because most of the congestion is occurred in the malicious hosts not follow the normal end-to-end congestion control. Upstream routers are also notified to drop such packets in order that the router’s resources are used to route legitimate traffic hence term cluster aggregation. If the victim suspects that the cluster aggregations are solved by most of the clients, it increases the complexity of the cluster aggregation. This aggregation solving technique allows the traversal of the attack traffic throughout the intermediate routers before reaching the destination. In this proposal, the aggregation solving mechanism is cluster aggregation to the core routers rather than having at the victim. The router based cluster aggregation mechanism checks the host system whether it is legitimate or not by providing a aggregation to be solved by the suspected

In this paper the two efficient techniques Image Processing and Soft Computing are combined.. Here Fuzzy logic is used to detect the edges of images. The proposed methodology initially splits the image into segments using a 3*3 binary matrix. Fuzzy inference system is designed with 8 inputs, which corresponds to 8 pixels of the matrix and one output. The output pixel tells whether the pixel under evaluation is ‘black’,’ white’ or ‘edge’ pixel. A set of sixteen rules are framed to classify the target pixel. During fuzzification, the input image is converted to the fuzzy domain [0 1]. Then the Hesitation degree or intuitionstic fuzzy index is calculated. The maximum of the divergence value between the 16 fuzzy rule template and the original image of the same size is calculated. During defuzzification, the edge image is transformed back to the image pixel domain in the interval [1 255]. The proposed method is compared with other edge detecting methods like Canny, Sobel, and ACO algorithm. PSNR error metric is calculated to compare the various edge detecting methods and the proposed fuzzy edge detection method is found to be efficient.

This paper proposes evaluation model for building Learning Content Management System (LCMS) in Riyadh City universities. A literature and a practical survey of web development methodologies have been conducted to identify LCMS readiness in Riyadh city universities. The framework is evaluated by e-learning AHP evaluation model, which is proposed by Francesco Colace in 2006. The evaluation model is evaluating four main features (management, collaborative approach, Management of interactive learning objects and Adaptation of learning path). Every feature involves, in their determination, some sub-features. The results of evaluation model are outlined as follows: Total weights of the proposed framework in management feature is 16.7/25, in collaborative feature is 9/10, in adaption learning path is 5.5/10 and in interactive learning object is 5/5. The total weights of all features are 36.2/50. In this study an evaluation model was applied on Riyadh City universities like KSU, IMAMU, NAUSS, YU, KFU and PSU. Then, the results were compared with each other. The total weighs of each of KSU and PSU was 41. While the total weights of KFU, IMAMU, YU and NAUSS was 40, 37,36 and 32, respectively. Evaluation process shows that the proposed framework satisfied the objectives and the required functions of this work.

The development of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) has significantly improved the quality of personal health care whilst enhancing the quality of life. A critical factor in the acceptance of WBANs is providing appropriate security and privacy protection of the wireless communication. It is a challenge to implement traditional security infrastructures in these types of lightweight networks, since they are by design limited in both computational and communication resources. \n In this paper, we propose to use the QRS Complex to generate and distribute securely and efficiently symmetric session keys to constituent sensors in WBAN with very high fidelity of key recoverability.

More personal software is our permanent goal. This means that more people should be\nconcerned with cryptography. We think that the encoding of cryptographic algorithms is an\nimportant step in it.\nIn this paper, our choice is encoding operation “Point doubling” on an Elliptic curve, over\nfinite field Fp (E(FP)), where p is odd prime, in order to intensify interest in ECC-Ellipse\ncurve cryptography.

Literature on soil erosion dynamics in abandoned farmlands of varying ages is not readily available. A study was carried out to evaluate the rate of sediment production in abandoned farmlands of 5yr-old and 3yr-old in a part of the rainforest zone in southern Nigeria. Measurements of 61 rainfall producing runoff and 54 rainfall producing sediment were carried out from the months of March to November in 2012 rainy season. Soil textural information showed that the 5yr-old fallow was silt loam, while soil in the 3yr-old fallow was sandy loam. The study showed that rainfall was the principal contributing factor of soil erosion on the fallow plots, and that greater proportion of the rainwater was absorbed by soil on the 3yr-old fallow plot due to its dense undergrowths (ground cover) and good soil structure. There were significant differences in the amount of runoff and sediment loss between the fallow plots (P<0.01). The high erosional loss on 5yr-old fallow plot was attributed to the canopy gaps that characterized its vegetation cover and scanty undergrowths as well as its clayey nature. The study concluded that vegetation on the 5yr-old fallow was not adequate in suppressing soil erosion. Stepwise regression identified rainfall as the primary cause of runoff on the 5yr-old fallow, while on the 3yr-old fallow plot, rainfall and crown cover were identified. For sediment loss, girth and ground cover were the prime causes on the 5yr-old fallow, while on the 3yr-old fallow, rainfall was the sole factor. The study revealed that vegetation cover alone did not afford the soil adequate cover, but the percentage of undergrowth (ground cover). Thus, to reduce soil erosional losses, the study suggested that fallow land with scanty ground cover should be managed through planted fallow and mulching.