This theoretical paper problematises and critiques extant literature on assessment techniques and key principles that have historically undergirded assessment strategies in the Postgraduate Diploma Programme. The purpose of this scholarly effort was to glean key assessment principles that, in turn, could serve as a theoretical base upon which assessment practices of one such programmes are critically analysed using the conflict theory. A conflict theory posits that education sustains and perpetuates social inequality. In this paper, we argue that one key aspect of education that plays a major role in perpetuating social inequality is assessment, as it serves to differentiate learners into categories of passing and failure, which ultimately decides who access social privileges and resources. In this paper, a Postgraduate Diploma Programme serves as a case study better to understand key assessment principles that undergird this program\'s assessment strategies and how such principles contribute, in the final analysis, to generating social inequality through denying students access to the means of gaining resources and other social privileges. This paper also provides contours of reconceptualising assessment in such a way as to allow educational programmes to pursue key ideals of social justice.

Climate change is among the topmost economic development challenges in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This paper analysed the effect of rural households’ adaptation options on monthly food shortages. The data were collected with multi-stage sampling by the Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) as a baseline survey to provide comparable data on the impact of climate change in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Mali, Niger and Senegal using multi-stage sampling method. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and Poisson regression model. Results show that reported erratic and less overall rainfalls mostly affected peanut, although in Burkina Faso and Mali, sorghum and millet were most affected. The farmers were making some changes on their farming systems with 15.94 percent introducing new crops in Senegal, 23.57 percent tested new crops in Niger and 81.43 percent grew high yielding varieties in Ghana. Drought resistant varieties were grown by 20.71 percent of the farmers from Burkina Faso, 17.86 percent of those from Ghana and 12.06 percent of those from Mali. The results of Poisson regression revealed that the data were adequately fitted judging from statistical insignificance of the deviance goodness of fit (p>0.10). Specifically, more involvement of men in raw food production, late planting of crops, number of months households depended on home production, residence in Mali and Senegal reduced the count of monthly food shortages, while introduction of stone lines, residence in Ghana and more involvement of men in timber production increased it (p<0.05). It was concluded that adequate adaptation will assist farmers to mitigate the impact of climate change on food security.

The study revealed the nature of the state change information system of the liver tissue with gepatadenome, liver cancer and non-cancer pathologies. Was shown that information parameters of non-cancer diseases indicate that liver tissue system uses existing structural adaptation resources. Information system of tumors of the liver is simplified and streamlined. Changes of information parameters characterizing a liver indicate various kinds of adaptive processes in the tissue at various pathologies.

The purpose of current research is to consider consumer’s behavior as one of the influential effects on obtaining strategy and effective tactics of marketing. This study has done by rehearsal method (predicative - librarian) , and tends to consider consumer’s from view point’s theorists firstly, and then to explain influential effects on consumer’s behavior based on psychological studies and study to their replies such as emotional, psychic, cognitive, and behavioral replies

The focal aim of the present investigation was to study the foremost chromosomal aberrations (CA) like deletion, translocation, inversion and mosaic in schizophrenic subjects of Tamilnadu, Southern India. Totally 65 blood samples were collected from various hospitals in Tamilnadu, Southern India. Equal numbers of physically and mentally healthy subjects were serve as a control. In the present study chromosomal examinations were carry out by using the GTG banding technique on 65 schizophrenics and finally the results were ensured by spectral karyotyping (SKY) technique. All the patients had random numerical and structural aberrations were identified. Structural aberrations predominated and usually consisted of deletions, translocation, inversion and mosaicism of various chromosomes. Present study has detected 1, 7, 9, 11, 21, 22 and X, suggested that these chromosomal scratches are prevalent in schizophrenics. In comparison with experimental subjects, the control subjects exhibited very low (p<0.05) levels of major CA. In the present study, the high frequency of chromosomal rearrangements designates a potential role for mitotic indiscretion coupled with the centromeric disruption. The reason for this might be that these anomalies increase risk for schizophrenia in a relatively nonspecific way, such as contributing to disruption of normal biological system. Identification of these chromosome alterations may be helpful\nto understanding further molecular basis research of the disease in better way.